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GI fluid loss through diarrhea is an etiology of hypotonic FVD. Insensible water loss during prolonged fever is a cause of hypertonic FVD. Impaired thirst regulation is a cause of hypertonic FVD. Question 7 When serum calcium levels rise, which of...
Found: 24 May 2021 | Rating: 97/100
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Open in new tab Analytical errors are of 2 types: random or systematic, and systematic errors can be subdivided further into constant or proportional error. Random errors can be caused by timing, temperature, or pipetting variations that occur...
Found: 24 May 2021 | Rating: 97/100
Fluid & Electrolyte NCLEX Practice Quiz (120 Questions)
Nevertheless, it is widely accepted that the judicious use of laboratory tests, coupled with thoughtful interpretation of the results of these tests, can contribute significantly to diagnostic decision making and patient management. Reasons for Ordering a Laboratory Test There are 4 major legitimate reasons for ordering a laboratory test: 4 Diagnosis to rule in or rule out a diagnosis. Monitoring eg, the effect of drug therapy.
Found: 27 Apr 2021 | Rating: 90/100
Homeostasis In Humans - AQA Test Questions - AQA
Screening eg, for congenital hypothyroidism via neonatal thyroxine testing. Research to understand the pathophysiology of a particular disease process. Approaches for Establishing a Diagnosis Based on Laboratory Test Results The principal approaches for establishing a diagnosis based on laboratory test results include: 4 Hypothesis deduction. Medical algorithms. Rifle versus shotgun approach. Example 1Hypothesis deduction approach to laboratory test ordering: A 4-year-old child presents to the emergency room ER with an upper respiratory tract infection URI , fever The clinician establishes a differential diagnosis of meningitis versus febrile seizures and deduces that the most appropriate laboratory tests to discriminate between these possibilities are the following tests performed on cerebrospinal fluid CSF from a spinal tap: White blood cell WBC and red blood cell RBC counts.
Found: 17 Apr 2021 | Rating: 87/100
Diagnosis and Tests How is emphysema diagnosed? The diagnosis of emphysema cannot be made solely on symptoms. Several tests are used to make the diagnosis. One simple test is to tap on your chest and listen with a stethoscope for a hollow sound. This means that air is being trapped in your lungs. Other tests include: X-rays: X-rays are generally not useful for detecting early stages of emphysema.
Found: 17 Apr 2021 | Rating: 87/100
GCSE AQA Biology Test: Homeostasis! Trivia Quiz
However, X-rays can help diagnose moderate or severe cases. Either a plain chest X-ray or a CAT computer-aided tomography scan can be used. Once the test is completed, the readings are compared to X-rays of healthy or normal lungs. Pulse oximetry: This test is also known as an oxygen saturation test. Pulse oximetry is used to measure the oxygen content of the blood. Spirometry and pulmonary function tests PFT : This is one of the most useful tests to determine airway blockage. This test is done by taking a deep breath and then blowing into a tube that is hooked up to a specialized machine. These tests are compared to normal results from people of similar gender, age, height, weight and ethnic background.
Found: 7 Apr 2021 | Rating: 92/100
300+ TOP ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Objective Questions And Answers
Arterial blood gas: This test measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood from an artery. It is a test often used as emphysema worsens. It is especially helpful in determining if a patient needs extra oxygen. Electrocardiogram ECG : ECGs check heart function and are used to rule out heart disease as a cause of shortness of breath. You might also talk to your doctor about whether testing for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is appropriate for you. Management and Treatment How is emphysema treated? Because emphysema can worsen over time and there is no known cure, treatment is focused on slowing the speed of decline. The type of treatment will depend on the severity of the disease. Quitting smoking: If you smoke, quit.
Found: 11 Apr 2021 | Rating: 91/100
NCLEX Practice Exam For Fluids, Electrolytes & Homeostasis 2
This is the most important step you can take to protect your lungs. It is never too late to quit. Your doctor can help you find the best smoking quitting method for you. Bronchodilator medications: These medicines relax the muscles around the airways. They are often used to treat asthma. Bronchodilators , given through hand-held inhalants, produce more immediate results and have fewer side effects than oral medications. Anti-inflammatory medication: These medications reduce inflammation in the airways. However, long-term side effects of these drugs include osteoporosis , hypertension , high blood sugar , and fat redistribution. Oxygen therapy: Oxygen therapy is prescribed for patients whose lungs are not getting enough oxygen to the blood hypoxemia.
Found: 22 Apr 2021 | Rating: 88/100
Lung volume reduction surgery: Lung volume reduction surgery involves removing a portion of diseased lung tissue, then joining together the remaining tissue. Doing this may relieve pressure on the breathing muscles and help improve lung elasticity or stretch. The results of the surgery have been very promising. Not all patients with emphysema are candidates for this surgery. What are some tips for managing emphysema? The best way to prevent or reduce further problems is to prevent respiratory infections by: Practicing good handwashing methods Brushing and flossing teeth daily, and using an antibacterial mouth rinse after meals Keeping breathing equipment clean Keeping your house clean and free of dust Getting a flu shot every year Following a doctor-prescribed exercise program Avoiding irritants such as:.
Found: 6 Apr 2021 | Rating: 90/100
The liver, the pancreas, the kidneys, and the brain hypothalamus, the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system help maintain homeostasis. The liver is responsible for metabolizing toxic substances and with signaling from the pancreas maintains carbohydrate metabolism. The liver also helps to regulate lipid metabolism and is the primary site of cholesterol production. The kidneys are responsible for regulating blood water levels, re-absorption of substances into the blood, maintenance of salt and ion levels in the blood, regulation of blood pH, and excretion of urea and other waste products.
Found: 10 Apr 2021 | Rating: 91/100
Homeostasis can be influenced by either internal or existing conditions instrinsic factors or external or environmental conditions extrinsic factors and is maintained by many different mechanisms. All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components for the variable being regulated: A sensor or receptor that detects changes in the internal or external environment. An example is peripheral chemoreceptors, which detect changes in blood pH. The integrating center or control center receives information from the sensors and initiates the response to maintain homeostasis. The most important example is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that controls everything from body temperature to heart rate, blood pressure, satiety fullness , and circadian rhythms including, sleep and wake cycles. An effector is any organ or tissue that receives information from the integrating center and acts to bring about the changes needed to maintain homeostasis.
Found: 1 Apr 2021 | Rating: 89/100
Endometriosis - Diagnosis And Treatment - Mayo Clinic
One example is the kidney, which retains water if blood pressure is too low. The sensors, integrating center, and effectors are the basic components of every homeostatic response. Positive and negative feedback are more complicated mechanisms that enable these three basic components to maintain homeostasis for more complex physiological processes. Negative Feedback Negative feedback mechanisms use one of the products of the reaction to reduce the output or activity of the process for the purpose of returning an organ or system to its normal range of functioning. Most homeostatic processes use negative feedback regulation to maintain a specific parameter around a setpoint range that supports life Figure 8. However, it should be noted that negative feedback processes are also used for other processes that are not homeostatic.
Found: 24 Apr 2021 | Rating: 86/100
Fluid And Electrolytes, Acid-Base Balance
Both internal and external events can induce negative feedback mechanisms. The two examples above represent internal mechanisms utilized to return the body within the normal temperature range. However, we can also mediate the cooling of the body through external factors, such as removing a warm hat and gloves or pouring a cool glass of water over our head. Both external and internal mechanisms for cooling can return the temperature of the body to within the normal range and elicit the negative feedback response. Similarly, if body temperature is below the set point, muscles shiver to generate heat and the constriction of the blood vessels helps the body retain heat. Homeostatic processes are very complex because the setpoint or normal range might change depending on the circumstance.
Found: 10 Apr 2021 | Rating: 89/100
The Urinary System And Homeostasis | Anatomy And Physiology II
Figure 8. Core body temperature is maintained at a normal setpoint of 37oC. If the core temperature rises above right hand side or drops below left hand side the setpoint, internal biological responses are initiated to return the core temperature back to the setpoint range. This Figure is adapted from: The Kahn Academy Positive Feedback Positive feedback is a mechanism in which an activated component enhances or further upregulates the process that gave rise to itself in order to create an even stronger response. Positive feedback mechanisms are designed to accelerate or enhance the output created by a stimulus that has already been activated. Positive feedback mechanisms are designed to push levels out of normal ranges and are not used as often in homeostatic responses. To achieve positive feedback, a series of events initiates a cascading process that builds to increase the effect of the stimulus.
Found: 27 Apr 2021 | Rating: 92/100
Homeostasis And Feedback - Biology LibreTexts
An example of a positive feedback loop is the blood clotting cascade which is originally initiated by external damage to the vasculature Figure 8. During a damage event, extrinsic factors begin the initiation of the blood clotting cascade. The proteins involved in this process are usually held inactive by being produced in a much larger form than is required. To activate the protein, the protein needs to be cleaved into a smaller, active complex. When a protein is held in a large inactive state and cleaved to yield the active component, it is called a zymogen. The blood clotting cascade contains many zymogens. The first zymogen to be activated is Factor X.
Found: 26 Apr 2021 | Rating: 90/100
NCLEX Practice Exam For Fluids, Electrolytes & Homeostasis 2 - RNpedia
When Factor X is cleaved, it becomes active and proceeds to cleave the next downstream target, Prothrombin II. This produces the active component, Thrombin IIa which has multiple effects. First, it cleaves the protein Fibrinogen to produce Fibrin. Fibrin then begins to form a clotting complex with itself. This is referred to as the loose mesh network. Activated Factor XIIIa causes crosslinks to form in the loose mesh network creating the finalized stable mesh that forms the blood clot.
Found: 18 Apr 2021 | Rating: 87/100
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